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URLconf 就像是 Django 所支撑网站的目录。 它的本质是 URL 模式以及要为该 URL 模式调用的视图函数之间的映射表。 利用Django开发网站，可以设计出非常优美的url规则，如果url的匹配规则（包含正则表达式）组织得比较好，view的结构就会比较清晰，比较容易维护。
基本形式
URLconf存放的映射关系在Python文件里，这个文件中必须暴露出一个urlpatterns对象，这个对象则应该是Django定义patterns函数的结果。这个函数由以下两点组成：
@一个大头的前缀字符串，可以为空。（如果第一个参数非空的话，就会被加到函数字符串之前）
@一个或若干url方法，他接受三个参数：正则表达式、视图函数对象或字符串和一个可选字典参数.。（以前的老版本是一个货若干元组，元组包含正则表达式、视图函数对象或字符串、可选的视图函数字典参数）
带url方法的形式
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
- )
对应的元组的形式
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- (r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
- (r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
- (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
- (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
- )
注意：
- 域名部分会被过滤掉
- articles的前面不需要添加/，因为域名的末尾一定会有/
- 任何组匹配的变量，都会以字符串的形式传递给view, 虽然通过
(\d{4})匹配出了2005，但2005任然会被当做字符串传递给year_archive
利用named group来传递参数
可以通过以下形式为特定的组指定一个名称.
注意下面的?P<year>
[python] view
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- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^articles/2003/$', 'news.views.special_case_2003'),
- url(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/(?P<day>\d{2})/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
- )
这样的话，组的匹配结果会通过keyword parameters的形式传递给view.例如
year_archive(year='2005')利用named group可以为view指定一个默认参数来匹配多条规则。
[python] view
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- # URLconf
- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^blog/$', 'blog.views.page'),
- url(r'^blog/page(?P<num>\d+)/$', 'blog.views.page'),
- )
- # View (in blog/views.py)
- def page(request, num="1"):
- # Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.
指定view前缀(提取公因式)
patterns函数的第一个参数即是view的前缀.
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('news.views',
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', 'year_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', 'month_archive'),
- url(r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/(\d+)/$', 'article_detail'),
- )
指定多个view前缀
[python] view
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- urlpatterns = patterns('myapp.views',
- url(r'^$', 'app_index'),
- url(r'^(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>[a-z]{3})/$','month_display'),
- )
- urlpatterns += patterns('weblog.views', #注意使用+=而不是=
- url(r'^tag/(?P<tag>\w+)/$', 'tag'),
- )
include其它匹配模块
通过include优化url规则，更加容易维护。
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import include, patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- # ... snip ...
- url(r'^comments/', include('django.contrib.comments.urls')),
- url(r'^community/', include('django_website.aggregator.urls')),
- url(r'^contact/', include('django_website.contact.urls')),
- # ... snip ...
- )
当然也可以直接include其它patterns
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import include, patterns, url
- extra_patterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^reports/(?P<id>\d+)/$', 'credit.views.report'),
- url(r'^charge/$', 'credit.views.charge'),
- )
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^$', 'apps.main.views.homepage'),
- url(r'^help/', include('apps.help.urls')),
- url(r'^credit/', include(extra_patterns)),
- )
为view函数传递额外参数
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- urlpatterns = patterns('blog.views',
- url(r'^blog/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', 'year_archive', {'foo': 'bar'}),
- )
直接使用view函数
[python] view
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- from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
- from mysite.views import archive, about, contact
- urlpatterns = patterns('',
- url(r'^archive/$', archive),
- url(r'^about/$', about),
- url(r'^contact/$', contact),
- )